In the center of our interdependence continuum (sequential interdependence), we might consider a football team. In this example, team definition becomes important. If the team is only the offensive or defensive players, one could argue that the team reflects a more reciprocal nature. However, if one defines the team as all members (offense, defense, special teams, etc.), that team reflects a more sequential characterization, as the performance of one element of the team leads to unique performance of another sub-element.

A sports analogy can help to clarify the differences among the three forms of interdependence. As you sequence through the various teams, it is important to recognize that none of these characterizations of teams is better or worse than the other—they are just different. And, consequently, the characteristics, processes, and the leadership of these teams must differ: one size does not fit all.

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POOLED INTERDEPENDENCE

Wrestling, diving, and cross-country teams are examples in which most outcomes are recognized at the individual level. “Team performance” is simply the aggregation of individual performances. Of course, this is not to say that interdependence is absent on these teams, but in relative terms, most of the performance of these teams are determined based on individual performance

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RECIPROCAL INTERDEPENDENCE

As we think about the most intense form of interdependence (reciprocal interdependence), we might consider a basketball or hockey team. While there is some specialization of tasks, almost every individual engages in all of the principle roles of performance (e.g., offense and defense). Moreover, the outcomes of performance are assessed at the aggregate level.

SEQUENTIAL INTERDEPENDENCE

TEAM INTERDEPENDENCE